Galatea and the Swing paintings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Galatea and the Swing paintings - Essay Example The essay "Galatea and the Swing paintings" analyzes the paintings of Raphael Santi, Galatea and the Swing. Raphael Santi is one of the most outstanding representatives of High Renaissance art style. He is considered to be the one of the most gifted painters and architects in the world. The gift of Italian painter was recognized not only by his contemporaries, but also in the next centuries. According to experts, this painter is an absolute authority in the area of classical art and the most famous picture galleries try to get his paintings. It is essential to consider the fresco of Raphael Galatea. It was created in 1512 and represents a part of wall-painting of the villa, which belonged to one of the richest men of that time. If to look at the painting, it is possible to notice that it is a typical representative of high Renaissance art. â€Å"It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged t o take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization—historians of economic and social developments, political and religious situations, and, most particularly, natural science—but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art†.The main distinguishing features of High Renaissance were glorifying human body and the resurrection of antiquity ideals (Reynolds and Wilson 15). Galatea was based on the Ancient Greek myth about the theft of Galatea. The fresco shows the beautiful Galatea.

Do financial management decisions influence firm value Essay

Do financial management decisions influence firm value - Essay Example Investment Decisions The BP is a well-established company that diversified into business such as chemicals, coal, gas, minerals and nutrition that would improve the effectiveness of the company. This diversification strategy led to problems in allocating investment resources between the different division’s projects of the large conglomerate. According to Dayananda (2002), the investment has led to losses that demonstrate that the company could not successfully compete in the fiercely competitive international oil business while also trying to compete in other business. Owing to the volatile prices, BP shifted to the financial tool to help it to accomplish its strategies goals. According to Kent & Gerald (2011), the company began to concentrate primary on the investment business; problems of fitting corporate decisions into both the strategic and financial framework of the company are difficult to resolve. This led to a conclusion that the investment decisions were based upon dissimilar theories that sometimes contracted each other. BP investment growth focused on three areas of great interest; deep-water production, global gas including unconventional gas, and managing some of the major globe oilfields. In each field, BP has made significant advances. Financial Decisions Eugene & Michael (2010) demonstrate that finding useful financial tools to make informed investment decisions has traditionally been the point of interest of corporate financial officers. The most widely accepted financial decision focus mainly on a narrow range of internal variables, quantitative information, shorter-term results, control processes, and techniques to determine specific risks of the BP. McDonald (2001) indicate that BP outlined financial decisions to further enhance efficiency and condense costs within the company with the main purpose of improving its annual underlying pre-tax profitability. The company is expected to enhance capital efficiency and improve returns in t he coming years. Finally, BP's financial management decisio

How Economic Systems Allocate Resources Effectively

How Economic Systems Allocate Resources Effectively Executive Summary Learning outcome two comprises of three questions. The first question speaks about economic systems; it will be explained in the research how these economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively. According to Samuelson (n.d.) these three economic systems are: Mixed economy, command and free market. ‘Mixed economies may have a distinct private sector, where resources are allocated primarily by market forces, such as the grocery sector of the UK economy. Command economy: ‘Markets enable mutually beneficial exchange between producers and consumers, and systems that rely on markets to solve the economic problem are called market economies. This method is referred to as central planning and economies that exclusively use central planning are called command economies. In other words governments direct or command resources to be used in particular ways’. These will be thoroughly explained in the research. The second question speaks about fiscal and monetary po licies, fiscal policy is basically a tool used determine rules with respect to the expenditure of a government. Monetary policy influences the extent of money supply in an economy. Ghuman (2005). The last question speaks to competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms in an organization. Background/ Rationale The aim of the research is to provide the researcher with an understanding of different organizations, the influence of stakeholders and the relationship between business and the local, national and global environment. On successful completion of learning outcome two, the researcher will understand the nature of the national environment in which business operate. The researcher will understand how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively, the researcher will also understand the impact of fiscal and monetary policy has on business organizations and their activities and also the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanism and the activities of an organization. Profile 1 Mission Statement: To provide business planning and marketing strategy consulting services to help businesses become even more successful. Bryan’s consulting Firm Contact Information: Email Address: [emailprotected] Fax Number: 9044765 Office Number: 9086712 Bryan’s consulting firm was founded in 1993. This company is under the supervision of Miss Chinelle Bryan and Cyril Mathiaz. They are located on the tropical plaza in half way tree Kingston. Bryan’s consulting firm is a partnership organization. They are assisted by a staff of fifteen well trained and educated workers. A few of these workers are Jada Fyffe,Janae Chung and Aaliya Ftffe,who are under the fields of communication and knowledge and information interaction and human resource management. Bryan’s consulting firm targets small struggling businesses. The services offered by the company are to provide enrichment and fulfilment, create solutions to problems and help businesses develop effectively. The company is unique `because of their superior customer service, they think both internally and externally, and they are the only consulting firm in Jamaica that opens 24 hours. Their prices and their guarantee also make them unique. The goals and objectives of B ryan’s consulting firm are: superior customer service, growth, efficiency, retention, support opportunity, building amazing service, have happy customers, increase revenue, increase profit and build the community. Miss Bryan and Cyril Mathiaz were inspired to create this business because of their personal struggles with their small business in the past..†You push the limits, we measure it†. Profile 2 Chixae’s variety store Contact Information: Email Address: [emailprotected] Fax Number: 9092145 Office Number: 9017123 Mission Statement: The mission is to build permanent habits through daily practices. This mission is to make a profit that will not only benefit our company but to give back to the community. Chixae Variety Store was established in 2010. This store is governed by Chinelle Bryan and Xae Boreland. Their store can be found on the Springs Plaza in Half Way Tree Kingston. This is a partnership organization. Chinelle Bryan and Xae Boreland are assisted by ten well trained and oriented workers who are under the departments of: Cashier, Sanitization, Assistance- customers, and collector- Collection of bags when entering the store. The company is unique because it’s a store that everything is offered under one roof and their prices are unbeatable. The goals and objectives of Chixae’s variety store are: to give back to the community, have happy customers, and a superior customer service. This store was created by because Xae and Chinelle wanted a place where one can purchase almost everything under the same roof at an affordable price and that’s exactly what is offered at Chixae’s variety store. Chixae’s variety store targets both old and young pe ople. The mission is to build permanent habits through daily practise; to indicate to customers that they can get all they want under the same roof, at an affordable price and getting good quality for their â€Å"little money†. However, they are now facing some difficulties because of the lack of communication and knowledge and information interaction skills. Objectives To identify how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively To assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organizations and their activities To evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organization Methodology Qualitative research is designed to reveal a target audience’s range of behaviour and the perceptions that drive it with reference to specific topics or issues. It uses in-depth studies of small groups of people to guide and support the construction of hypotheses. The results of qualitative research are descriptive rather than predictive. The research consists of the secondary research method. The research is qualitative based, reason being, interviews will be carried out with stakeholders, this type of research is more efficient, less time consuming and inexpensive. Secondary sources entail the usage of internet sources. The limitation the researcher had are some information seemed old or the internet may provide different answers to a question which posed difficulties for the researcher as the researcher would not know which of the answers are correct. The information collected was controlled, processed and evaluated in order to meet objectives of Chixae’s variety Store. The research questions will be analysed critically giving examples matching the organization that was assessed. LO2- Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate 2.1 Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively Mixed economies ‘Mixed economies may have a distinct private sector, where resources are allocated primarily by market forces, such as the grocery sector of the UK economy. Mixed economies may also have a distinct public sector, where resources are allocated mainly by government, such as defence, police, and fire services. In many sectors, resources are allocated by a combination of markets and panning, such ashealthcare and, which have both public and private provision’ (Samuelson n.d.) Free Markets ‘Markets enable mutually beneficial exchange between producers and consumers, and systems that rely on markets to solve the economic problem are called market economies. In a free market economy, resources are allocated through the interaction of free and self-directed market forces. This means that what to produce is determined consumers, how to produce is determined by producers, and who gets the products depends upon the purchasing power of consumers’. (Samuelson n.d.) Command Economics Another solution to the economic problem is the allocation of scarce resources by government, or an agency appointed by the government. ‘This method is referred to as central planning and economies that exclusively use central planning are called command economies. In other words governments direct or command resources to be used in particular ways’. (Samuelson n.d.) 2.2 Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organizations and their activities According to Ghuman (2010), ‘Fiscal policy instrument determines the rules and regulations with respect to the nature and extent and taxation and expenditure by the government. The extent of tax collection and government expenditure in different domains significantly impacts the profit position of a business entity’. Monetary policy: ‘This policy influences the extent of money supply in an economy. Depending on the requirement of a country to give boost or control inflation, its government makes modification in monetary policy. These changes impact both the availability and the cost of funds for business organizations. The monetary policy also influences the value of the national currency in the international market, the impacting profit position of the companies operating in the global market. Ghuman (2005) 2.3 Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organization The selected organization is the Office of Fair Trading (OFT). Established by the fair trading Act 1973, is a non- profit organization of the United Kingdom. The Fair Trading Act basically requires competition law and protection. OFT’s main objective is fairness. They make sure markets work well for consumers, ensuring that there is fair competition among all trading firms. Its role power changed with the Enterprise Act which was passed in 2002. ‘Department for Business Innovation and Skills (BIS) announce further reforms to the UK consumer and competition regimes. In accordance with the provisions of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013, the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) was established in April 2014 and combines many of the functions of the OFT and the Competition Commission and replace both’. (Office of Fair Trading 2014). Competition commission was a public body who was responsible for investigating market merges and other things related to regulatory industries that are a part of the competition law in the U.K. The Business Innovation and Skills (BIS) announced further reform to the UK consumer and competition regimes. The competition market authority (CMA) which was established in April 2014 combined many of the functions of the OFT and competition commission and replace both. (Office of Fair Trading 2014), ‘Competition Commission Monopolies and Mergers Commission replaced on 1 April 1999. It was created by the Competition Act 1998, although most of its powers were governed by the Enterprise Act 2002’. The competition commission was removed on the first of April in the year 2014 and was replaced by the competition authority (CMA), this took over many responsibilities of the OFT. Conclusion In concluding, on successful completion of learning outcome, the nature of national environment in which business operate was looked at. Learning outcome focused on three questions. The researcher first spoke about economic systems; it was explained in the research how these economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively. Samuelson (n.d.) Mixed economy, command and free market. ‘Mixed economies may have a distinct private sector, where resources are allocated primarily by market forces, such as the grocery sector of the UK economy. Command economy: ‘Markets enable mutually beneficial exchange between producers and consumers, and systems that rely on markets to solve the economic problem are called market economies. This method is referred to as central planning and economies that exclusively use central planning are called command economies. In other words governments direct or command resources to be used in particular ways’. The three were explained in the research. The researcher then went on by talking about fiscal and monetary policies, fiscal policy is basically a tool used determine rules with respect to the expenditure of a government. Monetary policy influences the extent of money supply in an economy. Ghuman (2005). Lastly, the researcher gave a brief outline of competitio n policy and other regulatory mechanisms in an organization. Recommendations The uttermost goal of any organization is to make a profit and have a long term business. In order for Chixae’s Variety Store to be around for a long time, it is recommended they understand the business environment. Chixae’s Variety Store should understand the nature of the national environment in which they operate. The researcher would recommend that they understand the economic systems to allocate resources effectively. The three are: Mixed, free market and command. The one that would be recommended for this store to allocate their resources is free market. Reason being, In a free market economy, resources are allocated through the interaction of free and self-directed market forces. This means that what to produce is determined by consumers, how to produce is determined by producers, and who gets the products depends upon the purchasing power of consumers’. (Samuelson n.d.) The researcher recommends this because with a business like Chixae’s Variety St ore, whatever they plan to do depends on their stakeholders, and to be successful, it is important they satisfy them. Everything coincides with these people, as (Samuelson n.d.) stated, ‘what to produce is determined consumers, how to produce is determined by producers, and who gets the products depends upon the purchasing power of consumers’. Lastly, the researcher recommends that Chixae’s Variety Store is knowledgeable about fiscal policy. Reason being, Fiscal policy is ‘the extent of tax collection and government expenditure in different domains significantly impacts the profit position of a business entity’. Ghuman (2010). If this is a term that explains the impacts the profit position of the business then it would be wise for every business to know what it is. References Samuelson,n.d., Economic systems. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Economic_systems.html. [Accessed 05 November 2014]. Ghuman, K G, 2010. Management: Concepts, Practice. 5th ed. West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110008: Tata Mcgraw Hill. Office of Fair Trading, 2007. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Evaluate-The-Impact-Of-Competition-Policy/279493. [Accessed 07 November 2014].

Comparison of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

Comparison of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn were both characters created by Mark Twain. Tom Sawyer is the main character in the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn is the main character in the book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer were alike in many ways but they were also very different. One way in which Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer are alike is that they are both very brave. In the book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck and Jim see a steamboat that had wrecked on the rocks and decide to check it out. Huck thinks that there will be lots of things on the wrecked boat for them to filch. Jim was a little nervous about infringing but Huck said that if Tom were there, he would have gone. Once they were on the boat they saw a fight. Huck was scared but he knew that if Tom were there he wouldn’t back out, so Huck wasn’t going to either. Another way that Tom and Huck are alike is that they are both always getting themselves into trouble. It seems that where ever they go, trouble follows them. They are also both interlopers and very fractious. Both of the boys are also very erudite (smart). In the book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck tricked the two men with guns out of finding Jim. He told the two men that it was his father back on the raft. When they said that they were going to go see for themselves Huck replied, â€Å" ...

Planned Parenthood Essay

Planned parenthood is a luxury to the new generation. When our parents had children, it was not a decision; it was a moral â€Å"duty† to society. To further analyze the individual factors of planned parenthood you must draw on the larger religious, social, and economic factors that guide your individual decisions (Mills, 1959). If one considers the broad social factors that shape, influence, and allow individual choices, you are using what C. Wright Mill’s called the Sociological Imagination (Appelbaum and Chambliss, 1997). The insight provided by the Sociological Imagination brings new understanding to this particular event, the planning of parenthood. The choice to bare children was never a topic for conversation in past generations. Religion as an institution had greater influence than it does in modern society. Families of the past were expected to follow religious teaching and were manipulated by the sociological expectations of the family definition. Birth control and abortion were â€Å"taboo† and social norms demonstrated the influence of religion in society. Nowadays abortion clinics are common ground and â€Å"the pill† is the topic in high school settings. Due to today’s norms, most people are not following the old religious standards of â€Å"go forth and multiply†; they have new wants and desires. Religious beliefs that were the core of cultural values became second to scientific research and renovation. The focus of society shifted from the unknown and unexplained to the known and scientifically proven. Technology and medicine modernized sociological institutions; what was â€Å"taboo† became the social norm. The possibility of genetic testing, the development of the birth control pill, and government legislation of â€Å"pro-choice† allow individuals to have choices on parenthood. Technology, which we cannot control as individuals, creates individualism, free will, and personal disclosure from what was once considered a social â€Å"duty† or basic â€Å"human nature.† Social roles of men and women have a deep impact on personal decisions as well. Society expected men and women to get married, have children, and live a healthy life as husband and wife. Parenthood was not an option; it was a task in fulfilling your â€Å"social role† (Appelbaum and Chambliss, 1997). Men were â€Å"bread winners† and women â€Å"house makers† united by the family  institution. The role of men was to provide the family with comfortable living resources and protect them from harm. They were rough, tough, and above all, had the education to succeed in the workforce. Women were the heart of the family, the nurtures, the caregivers, the mothers and wives. They were neglected the educational resources needed to succeed in the workforce and the bare thought of a working mother was absurd. Now, with the high standards of family life, women are likely to work in order to provide additional family income. Economically, a child is a large strain on finances. This has a large impact on the decision to bear a child. In the past, large families were normal because children were also providers of income; therefore, a large family meant economic security. The family worked to fulfill family needs not family wants. Working-class families did not have the economic opportunity of extra disposable income; they did not have â€Å"luxuries†. The foundation of the family was hard work and unity. Women worked hard in the kitchen, men in the field, and children with household tasks. Parenthood was not an option; it was an extra source of income and survival. Social structures have given way to personal choice. Planned parenthood is the result of structural renovation. One can now sit down and discuss the meaning of being a parent without feeling society’s pressure to have a child. The Sociological Imagination enables us to â€Å"grasp at the relationship between our lives as individuals and the larger forces that help shape them† (Appelbaum, 2001). It is the interplay of larger social forces that shape the choices individuals make. The decision to bare a child is the result of social-historical renovation that provides us with the notion that we have some control over our fate. Planned parenthood is now an individual choice, not a sociological expectation.

Database Final Exam

1. (Chapter 06): Describe a relational DBMS (RDBMS), its underlying data model, data storage structures, and manner of establishing data relationships: a. A relational DBMS (or RDMBS) is a data management system that implements a relational data model, one where data are stored in a collection of tables and the data relationships are represented by common valves, not links. Pg. 247 b. Data are stored in a collection of tables and the data relationships are represented by common values not links.String| CARACTER (CHAR)CHARACTER VARYING (VARCHAR or VARCHAR2)BINARY LARGE OBJECT (BLOB)| Stores string values containing any character in a character set. CHAR is defined to be a fixed length. Stores string values containing any characters in a character set but of definable variable length. Stores binary string values in hexadecimal format. BLOB is defined to be a variable length. (Oracle also has CLOB and NCLOB, as well as BFILE for storing unstructured data outside the database. )| Number| NUMERICINTERGER(INT)| Stores exact numbers with a defined precision and scale.Stores exact numbers with a predefined precision and scale of zero| Temporal| TIMESTAMPTIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZON| Stores a moment an event occurs, using a definable fraction-of-a-second precision. Value adjusted to the user’s session time zone (available in Oracle and MySQL)| Boolean| BOOLEAN| Stores truth values: TRUE, FALSE or UNKNOWN| c. The relational data model assumes that you have completed the activity ‘An ER Model d. The power of the RDBMS is realized through†¦. The relationship existing between the tables. The relationships are established by including common column or columns in every table where a relationship is needed. . (Chapter 06): What are six potential benefits of achieving an SQL standard? Pg. 245-246 a. Reduce training cost b. Productivity c. Application portability d. Application longevity e. Reduce dependence on a single vendor f. Cross-system communication 3. (Chapter 07): Define each of the following key terms: a. Dynamic SQL: Specific SQL code generated on the fly while an application is processing. Pg. 326 b. Correlated subquery: Use the result of the outer query to determine the processing of the inner query. Pg. 303 c. Embedded SQL: Hard-coded SQL statements included in a program written in another language, such as C or Java.Pg. 323 d. Procedure: A collection of procedural and SQL statements that are assigned a unique name within the schema and stored in the database. Pg. 323 e. Join: A relational operation that causes two tables with a common domain to be combined into a single table or view. Pg. 290 f. Equi-join: A join in which the joining condition is based on equality between vales in the common columns. Common columns appear (redundantly) in the result table. P 291 g. Self-join: There are times when a join requires matching rows in a table with other rows in that same table – that is, joining table with itself. Pg. 297 . Outer join: A join in which rows that do not have matching values in common columns are nevertheless included in the result table. Pg. 293 i. Function: A stored subroutine that returns one value and has only input parameters. Pg323 j. Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM): Extensions defined in SQL:1999 that include the capability to create and drop modules of code stored in the database schema across user sessions. Pg. 319 4. (Chapter 07): Write the SQL Query needed to: Display CourseID and CourseName for all courses in the Course Table where the CourseID has an ‘ISM’ prefix: Query: SELECT [CourseTable].CourseID, [CourseTable]. CourseName FROM CourseTable WHERE((([CourseTable]. CourseID)=†ISM†)); 5. (Chapter 08): What are the advantages/disadvantages of two-tier architectures? Pg. 339 An advantage of two-tier architecture The advantage of the two-tier design is its simplicity. The TopLink database session that builds the two-tier architecture provides all the TopLink features in a single session type, thereby making the two-tier architecture simple to build and use. A disadvantage of the two-tier architecture is The most important limitation of the two-tier architecture is that it is not scalable, ecause each client requires its own database session. * 6. (Chapter 08): What are six common steps to access databases? Pg. 340 * a. Identify and register a database driver b. Open a connection to a database c. Execute a query against the database d. Process the results of a query e. Repeat step 3-4 as necessary f. Close the connection to the database * * * 7. (Chapter 09): What are the three major components of Data Warehouse architecture? Pg. 389 a. Operational data are stored in the various operational systems of record throughout the organization (and sometimes in external systems). . Reconciled data are the type of data stored in the enterprise data warehouse and an operational data stored. c. Derived data are the type of data stored i n each of the data marts. * * 8. (Chapter 09): What are the four characteristics of a data warehouse? a. Subject Orientation: Data organized by subject b. Integration: Consistency of defining parameters c. Non-volatility: Stable data storage medium d. Time-variance: Timeliness of data and access terms * 9. (Chapter 09): What are the five claimed limitations of independent data marts? Pg. 384 . A separate ETL process is developed for each data mart, which can yield costly redundant data and processing efforts. b. Data marts may not be consistent with one another because they are often developed with different technologies, and thus they may not provide a clear enterprise-wide view of data concerning important subjects such as customers, suppliers, and products. c. There is no capability to drill down into greater detail or into related facts in other data marts or a shared data repository, so analysis is limited, or at best very difficult. . Scaling costs are excessive because every new application that creates a separate data mart repeats all the extract and load steps. e. if there is an attempt to make the separate data marts consistent, the cost to do so is quite high. * 10. (Chapter 09): What are the three types of operations that can be easily performed with OLAP tools? Pg. 214-215 a. Relational OLAP (ROLAP) –Star Schema based b. Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) –Cube based c. Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP) * 11. (Chapter 10): What are the four key components of a data governance program? Pg. 435 . Sponsorship from both senior management and business units b. A data steward manager to support, train, and coordinate the data stewards c. Data stewards for different business units, data subjects, source systems, or combinations of these elements d. A governance committee, headed by one person, but composed of data steward managers, executives and senior vice presidents, IT leadership and others business leaders, to set strategic goals, coordinate activities, and provide guidelines and standards for all data management activities. * * 12. Chapter 10): What are the four ways that data capture processes can be improved to improve data quality? According to Inmon (2004), there are several actions that can be taken at the original data capture step: Pg. 441 a. Enter as much of the data as possible via automatic, not human, means (e. g. , from data stored in a smart card or pulled from a database, such as retrieving current values for addresses, account numbers, and other personal characteristics). b. Where data must be entered manually, ensure that it is selected from preset options (e. . , drop-down menus of selections pulled from the database), if possible. c. Use trained operators when possible (help systems and good prompts/examples can assist end users in proper data entry). d. Follow good user interface design principles that create consistent screen layouts, easy to follow navigation paths, clear data entry masks and formats (which ca n be defined in DDL), minimal use of obscure codes can be looked up and displayed from the database, not in the application programs), etc. . Immediately check entered data for quality against data in the database, so use triggers and user-defined procedures liberally to make sure that only high-quality data enter the database; wen questionable data are entered (e. g. , â€Å"T for gender), immediate and understandable feedback should be given to the operator, questioning the validity of the data.

Bob Brown Book review essays

Bob Brown Book review essays The Book review will consist of a critical, reflective analysis of a book which makes a major contribution to green/environmental thought. You will need to obtain approval for the book to be reviewed. The analysis should be approximately 2500 words. Due date is May 15, 2004. Brown. B. (2004) Memo for a Saner World. Penguin Books Camberwell, Victoria, Australia Browns Book is quite an easy read and I would suggest it is aimed at a young audience - most likely young voters. However the fact that this is an election year doesnt make the issues Brown (2004) raises any less poignant. This book also makes clear Browns emotional connection with his world and his mission, which turns his book of potentially depressing fact and figures on governments, and industries, lack of Greenness, into an inspirational piece. As an introduction to Memo for a Saner World I have included the blurb which appears on the back cover. It reads thus- Over the years, Bob Brown has been assaulted, jailed, vilified and shot at for his stance on the environment and human rights. This is his account of the defining moments in that life of activism, from the famous Franklin River blockade to his parliamentary protest against George Bush - a few minutes that gave voice to what many Australians felt but had no way of saying. By turns inspiring, compassionate and outraged, this personal story of being green makes the key issues easily understood. If you're someone who avoids reading about the world because you think it's too depressing, here's the good news: it's worse if you don't know. While some of the facts Bob presents are less than cheerful, his message is powerfully hopeful. With Bob Brown and the Greens set to become even more influential in Australian life, Memo for a Saner World is an essential record of what he stands for. The insight into a charter like Brown through his own writings is thwart with ...

The History of the Armillary Sphere

The History of the Armillary Sphere An armillary sphere is a miniature representation of celestial objects in the sky, depicted as a series of rings centered around a globe. Armillary spheres have a long history. Early History of the Armillary Sphere Some sources credit Greek philosopher Anaximander of Miletus (611-547 BCE) with inventing the armillary sphere, others credit Greek astronomer Hipparchus (190-120 BCE), and some credit the Chinese. Armillary spheres first appeared in China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE). One early  Chinese  armillary sphere can be traced to Zhang Heng, an astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 CE). The exact origin of armillary spheres cannot be confirmed. However, during the Middle Ages, armillary spheres became widespread and increased in sophistication. Armillary Spheres in Germany The earliest surviving globes were produced in Germany. Some were made by German map-maker Martin Behaim of Nuremberg in 1492. Another early maker of armillary spheres was Caspar Vopel (1511-1561), a German mathematician and geographer. Vopel made a small manuscript terrestrial globe housed within a series of eleven interlocking armillary rings produced in 1543. What Armillary Spheres Got Wrong By moving the armillary rings, you could theoretically demonstrate how the stars and other celestial objects moved in the sky. However, these armillary spheres reflected early misconceptions of astronomy. The spheres depicted  the Earth at the center of the universe, with interlocking rings illustrating the circles of the sun, moon, known planets, and important stars (as well as the signs of the zodiac). This makes them a model of the inaccurate Ptolemaic (or Earth-centered) cosmic system (as opposed to the  way things actually work, by the Copernican System, with the sun as the center of the solar system.) Armillary spheres  often got geography wrong, too- Caspar Vopels sphere, for instance, depicts North America and Asia as one land mass, a common misconception of the time.

Using a Timer in MS Office VBA Macros

Using a Timer in MS Office VBA Macros For those of us who have our minds deeply into VB.NET, the journey back to VB6 can be a confusing trip. Using a Timer in VB6 is like that. At the same time, adding timed processes to your code is not obvious to new users of VBA Macros. Timers For Newbies Coding a Word VBA macro to automatically time a test that was written in Word is a typical reason for using a timer. Another common reason is to see just how much time is being taken by different parts of your code so you can work on optimizing the slow sections. Sometimes, you might want to see if anything is happening in the application when the computer seems to be just sitting there idle, which can be a security problem. Timers can do that. Start a Timer You start a timer by coding an OnTime statement. This statement is implemented in Word and Excel, but it has different syntax depending on which one youre using.  The syntax for Word is: expression.OnTime(When, Name, Tolerance) The syntax for Excel looks like this: expression.OnTime(EarliestTime, Procedure, LatestTime, Schedule) Both have the first and second parameter in common. The second parameter is the name of another macro that runs when the time in the first parameter is reached. In effect, coding this statement is like creating an event subroutine in VB6 or VB.NET terms. The event is reaching the time in the first parameter. The event subroutine is the second parameter. This is  different from the way it is coded in VB6 or VB.NET. For one thing, the macro named in the second parameter can be in any code that is accessible. In a Word document, Microsoft recommends putting it in the Normal document template. If you put it in another module, Microsoft recommends using the full path: Project.Module.Macro. The expression is usually the Application object. The Word and Excel documentation states that the third parameter can cancel the execution of the event macro in case a dialog or some other process prevents it from running within a certain time. In Excel, you can schedule a new time in case that happens. Code the Time Event Macro This code in Word is for the administrator who wants to display a notification that the testing time has expired and print the result of the test. Public Sub TestOnTime()Debug.Print The alarm will go off in 10 seconds!Debug.Print (Before OnTime: Now)alertTime Now TimeValue(00:00:10)Application.OnTime alertTime, EventMacroDebug.Print (After OnTime: Now)End SubSub EventMacro()Debug.Print (Executing Event Macro: Now)End Sub This results in the following content in the immediate window: The alarm will go off in 10 seconds!Before OnTime: 12/25/2000 7:41:23 PMAfter OnTime: 12/25/2000 7:41:23 PMExecuting Event Macro: 2/27/2010 7:41:33 PM Option for Other Office Apps Other Office applications dont implement OnTime. For those, you have several choices. First, you can use the Timer function, which simply returns the number of seconds since midnight on your PC, and does your own math, or you can use Windows API calls. Using Windows API calls has the advantage of being more precise than Timer. Heres a routine suggested by Microsoft that does the trick: Private Declare Function getFrequency Lib kernel32 _Alias QueryPerformanceFrequency (cyFrequency As Currency) As LongPrivate Declare Function getTickCount Lib kernel32 _Alias QueryPerformanceCounter (cyTickCount As Currency) As LongSub TestTimeAPICalls()Dim dTime As DoubledTime MicroTimerDim StartTime As SingleStartTime TimerFor i 1 To 10000000Dim j As Doublej Sqr(i)NextDebug.Print (MicroTimer Time taken was: MicroTimer - dTime)End SubFunction MicroTimer() As Double Returns seconds.Dim cyTicks1 As CurrencyStatic cyFrequency As CurrencyMicroTimer 0 Get frequency.If cyFrequency 0 Then getFrequency cyFrequency Get ticks.getTickCount cyTicks1 SecondsIf cyFrequency Then MicroTimer cyTicks1 / cyFrequencyEnd Function

Three-river-sources ecological environment protection Essay

Three-river-sources ecological environment protection - Essay Example It sought to evaluate the region’s management strategies on how the conflict between protection of the region’s ecological environment and exploitation of the natural resources for commercial purposes can be best resolved. The major findings of the paper showed that the activities of men such as hunting and construction of infrastructure have immensely contributed to the degradation of the ecology. As such, this paper observed that in order to create a long-term plan for management of ecological environment in the Three-River-Source, nationwide and local government will need to be foresighted and consider the specifics of each environmental problem in order to balance the conflict between protection of the region’s ecological environment and the use of natural resources for commercial purposes. Three-River-Source which is also known as Sanjiangyuan is located in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. This name refers to the headwater of three rivers in Chinese and these are Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Lancang River. These rivers are the major sources of water in the region whereby Yellow River accounts for 42 per cent of the total volume of water supplied while Yangtze River accounts for 25 % and Lancang River accounts for 15% (Wang, 2008). The Three-River-Source region has significant ecological value in the Qinghai Tibet plateau which is regarded as the worlds highest and largest plateau with wetland ecosystem. The region accounts for 2.32% of the total area of national wetlands (Wang, 2008). As such, the region is known as the â€Å"water tower† in China.

Applied anatomy and physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Applied anatomy and physiology - Essay Example I obtained the consent before proceeding with any procedure. For a detailed medical record of the patient please refer to the index at the end of this paper. I was in contact with the patient for three weeks as I was monitoring the patient’s recovery and the effect of medication and diet. I had to monitor the diabetic data that the patient was showing so that I could change any medication or diet in the patient’s diet plan. My capacity included direct interaction with the patient where I could talk and advise any recommendations or any guideline that I deemed necessary. I had to go through a detailed discussion about the confidentiality because the privacy of medical records of the patient is always a debatable issue. The patient’s content that they are the sole owners of their medical record and this cannot be shared with anyone. The patients have the right to access their own medical records (Schoenberg  & Safran, 2000). However, the doctor side of this debate argues that the medical records should be accessible to the medical staff and anyone that the doctors deemed worthy and qualified enough to share their opinion for the recovery and better treatment of the patient. The normal anatomy and physiology of the patient with type II diabetes includes normal blood pressure but the patient presented the case of hypotension. This condition can be explained by the use of drug Amlodipine. The normal physiology of a 45 year old male does not include nausea or headaches. At the age of 45 a person is healthy showing no unusual weakness in limbs and no visual disturbance. Endocrine pancreas is present as cell-clusters (islets of Langerhans) comprising four types of cells: alpha, beta, PP and delta cells (Sussel et al., 1998). Type II diabetes mellitus occurs with the interaction of environmental factors and a certain combination of genetic variants (Sladek et al., 2007). A study by Lorenzo et al. (1994) reveals that amylin fibril formation in

Ethical guidelines and sales standards Assignment

Ethical guidelines and sales standards - Assignment Example Thirdly, Marketing Research Association (2013) posits that no respondent or participant should be manipulated in the process of marketing the product particularly in the Help us Help you promotion involving a free makeover. In other words, the choice and opinion of the respondents must be respected. In this respect, the project participants in marketing Beauty Control must conform to this ethical principle. Fourthly, all information relating to the respondents or participants must be treated with utmost confidentiality (Marketing Research Association, 2013). This is in line to the fact that participants personal information such as credit card numbers may be used by third parties to commit a crime. In line with the United States sales standards outlined by Baxter Healthcare Corporation (2002), the Beauty Control product must be marketed in a fair and candid manner. For instance, the information given to the respondents or customers must conform with the information outlined on the label. Conversely, the marketers must not deliberately give false information to the customer or respondent in regards to all the relevant terms of sale such as pricing. It should also be unlawful for the marker to expect or request any kickbacks or bribes from the customers. All free promotions must be clearly outlined in the sales guidelines and effectively communicated to the markers in order to facilitate

History of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

History of China - Essay Example The Second United Front involved alliance of KMT and CCP in Second Sino-Japanese war and it suspended the civil wars in China from 1937 to 1946. Kai-Shek viewed Chinese Communists as a threat, and true to his perception, they kidnapped him and compelled him to the truce with communists. This resulted to the two parties suspending the fighting to focus on Second United Front that fought against the Japanese. The actual cooperation between CCP and KMT remained minimal. The two parties still vied for territorial advantage in China. This resulted to major clashes, and Kai-shek demanded evacuation of New Fourth army from CCP. This weakened CCP in central China and ended any substantive cooperation between the two. However, in Japan, CCP absorbed KMT forces and made them into puppet forces. Eventually, CCP gained full control of North China. Therefore, the Second United Front became less successful than the first one since it led to the weakening of the KMT in North China and CCP in Centra l China. The two groups never worked as an alliance (Dirlik, 2000). Reasons for Failure of Chiang Kai-Shek in Destroying the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) The victory of CCP over the reactionary Chiang Kai-shek’s power marked a monumental change within the Chinese history. The events were unexpected since CCP came to power through reactionary program of the ‘revolution by stages’. First, the strategy of countering the Stalinist strategy of conquering cities using peasant armed forces alone enhanced the overthrowing of bourgeois Kuomintang regime. During this period, the urban population persistently fought for the oppressed and exploited and brought about an armed insurrection. This led to confusion among the Chinese Comrades of the traditional conception and facts (Taylor, 2006). Second, the Chiang’s regime was completely rotten since it was established amid bloodshed of second Chinese revolution defeat. This made it hostile to people using Asiatic method s. The regime could have only protected itself from imperialist powers since it represented the bourgeoisie of Orient. Therefore, it used all reactionary influences in resisting the masses, and consequently, it was unable to fulfill the bourgeoisie democratic tasks. After the failure of non-defensive policy, Chiang government had to fight the Japanese, and this revealed their incompetence where they lost several cities. Such acts stirred dissatisfaction among people reflected through demonstrations and unrest of the peasants (Taylor, 2006). After Japanese defeat, Chiang’s government became corrupt looting all the public property and engaged in extravagant dissipation and luxury. This inflamed the masses’ fury and provoked large scale demonstrations. Chiang hoped to use his military in exterminating CCP. He hoped to defeat CCP due to advanced warfare and the large army. However, his army remained isolated and divided due to mistreatment from their leaders. This shifted even the attention of those people who supported it (Dirlik, 2000). Relationship between Chiang Kai-Shek and the United States Prior to Second World, War, most powerful influences originated from American imperialists. It intended to uphold Chiang’s government and monopolize the Chinese markets. This dispatched significant military equipment to the government in China. This made Chiang

Comparative Aanalysis of Dell And Apple Laptop Marketing Essay

Comparative Aanalysis of Dell And Apple Laptop Marketing - Essay Example Apple’s brand personality is about removing complexity from consumer lifestyle through technology and the humanistic governance structure of Apple as a consumer-centric brand. 2. Market review Apple is much more transparent and accountable for its failures and successes associated with tangible product as part of the marketing mix. Apple performs what is referred to as movement marketing, a new marketing model that is strongly customer-centric, using corporate values as a foundation of sharing with consumers and being able to tap into their pre-existing values and lifestyle beliefs. Apple embraces social media as one platform by which to perform this movement marketing, using this forum to enhance customer relationship management and also to consistently reiterate what Apple believes in rather than simply expressing to target consumers the tangible benefits of various laptop products. This is the genuine key to brand loyalty (Goodson 2011). Making use of social media, such as Twitter and Facebook, provides Apple with unique opportunities to illustrate its belief in establishing effective, long-term customer relationships in key target demographics. Having established brand loyalty founded on years of consumer-accepted innovation launches that revolutionized the computing experience and with strict focus on customer relationship management philosophy. This provides Apple significant advantages over competition as once brand loyalty is established, it allows companies to position the brand under a premium pricing model (Chaudhuri and Holbrook 2001). Loyal customers are more apt to spend higher resources on their favourite brands and will be more active... This paper stresses that using values and principles at the corporate level as a promotional tool is unique in this technology industry and continues to provide greater sales volumes and the ability to expand various Apple branded product lines to include new innovation or supplementary service offerings. The report makes a conclusion that Dell must accept its current market position as a value-conscious brand that is aligned with consumer expectations for quality and excellence in service and support as it cannot justify premiumisation at this time. Dell unfortunately must rely on costly promotional ventures in order to produce greater revenues, however these efforts continue to put Dell back on the proverbial competitive map as a brand that can adjust with consumer needs and changing market conditions. The author of the paper declares that Apple gains much market loyalty and positive brand sentiment in its key target markets by extolling genuine, heartfelt connections between business and consumer which leads to brand attachments and avoids the risk of brand defection in dedicated target markets. Dell is missing opportunities to add a humanistic element into the marketing mix that can be accomplished, at low cost, through social media outlets. Apple, on the other hand, can benefit f rom Dell’s customization strategy, offering similar customized offerings based on aesthetics. Apple is currently differentiated from lower-priced competitors such as Dell.

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Criminal Justice - Essay Example In the United States, the criminal justice provides justice to the people of this country. This is because the law is subjected equally to all people. The law is supreme, and people are required to exercise their rights in accordance with the law. The impartiality of the system makes it acceptable to the people of the United States. The justice system plays an imperative role in the American society (Barkan and Bryjak 9). However, just like many systems across the globe, the United States legal system has its strengths as well as weaknesses. This implies that, although the system offers justice to the public, there exist some faults that should be addressed. Justice is best served by the system in that the Supreme Court is independent from other arms of the government. For instance, the president may hold a particular opinion or even the Congress, but the interpretation of issues concerning the Constitution is left to the Supreme Court. The power given to this court ensures that justice is best served to the people of the United States without prejudices from other areas such as political issues (Barkan and Bryjak 11). Nevertheless, the system fails to provide justice in some cases. Economic biasness, racial bias, and over taxation are some of the weaknesses associated with the justice system. For instance, there are a number of life sentences that have been made by the court of law. However, only few are implemented. This raises concerns about how the selection is done. These issues taint the image of the justice

Comparative Aanalysis of Dell And Apple Laptop Marketing Essay

Comparative Aanalysis of Dell And Apple Laptop Marketing - Essay Example Apple’s brand personality is about removing complexity from consumer lifestyle through technology and the humanistic governance structure of Apple as a consumer-centric brand. 2. Market review Apple is much more transparent and accountable for its failures and successes associated with tangible product as part of the marketing mix. Apple performs what is referred to as movement marketing, a new marketing model that is strongly customer-centric, using corporate values as a foundation of sharing with consumers and being able to tap into their pre-existing values and lifestyle beliefs. Apple embraces social media as one platform by which to perform this movement marketing, using this forum to enhance customer relationship management and also to consistently reiterate what Apple believes in rather than simply expressing to target consumers the tangible benefits of various laptop products. This is the genuine key to brand loyalty (Goodson 2011). Making use of social media, such as Twitter and Facebook, provides Apple with unique opportunities to illustrate its belief in establishing effective, long-term customer relationships in key target demographics. Having established brand loyalty founded on years of consumer-accepted innovation launches that revolutionized the computing experience and with strict focus on customer relationship management philosophy. This provides Apple significant advantages over competition as once brand loyalty is established, it allows companies to position the brand under a premium pricing model (Chaudhuri and Holbrook 2001). Loyal customers are more apt to spend higher resources on their favourite brands and will be more active... This paper stresses that using values and principles at the corporate level as a promotional tool is unique in this technology industry and continues to provide greater sales volumes and the ability to expand various Apple branded product lines to include new innovation or supplementary service offerings. The report makes a conclusion that Dell must accept its current market position as a value-conscious brand that is aligned with consumer expectations for quality and excellence in service and support as it cannot justify premiumisation at this time. Dell unfortunately must rely on costly promotional ventures in order to produce greater revenues, however these efforts continue to put Dell back on the proverbial competitive map as a brand that can adjust with consumer needs and changing market conditions. The author of the paper declares that Apple gains much market loyalty and positive brand sentiment in its key target markets by extolling genuine, heartfelt connections between business and consumer which leads to brand attachments and avoids the risk of brand defection in dedicated target markets. Dell is missing opportunities to add a humanistic element into the marketing mix that can be accomplished, at low cost, through social media outlets. Apple, on the other hand, can benefit f rom Dell’s customization strategy, offering similar customized offerings based on aesthetics. Apple is currently differentiated from lower-priced competitors such as Dell.

Critical point Essay Example for Free

Critical point Essay Furthermore, its peculiar characteristics were also likened and even attributed to the psychological condition known as multiple personality disorder (MPD), because it assumes and behaves in two distinct phases, occurring as a high-density liquid or as a low-density liquid which was then normally thought to be quite impossible theoretically. The idea that water remains in liquid form even if it is in its super-cooled state when subjected to temperatures well below its ordinary freezing point (Introduction section, para.3-4), can then have a strong memory recall. Finally, simile was also used in the discussion of the â€Å"critical point. † A â€Å"critical point† was defined as the â€Å"set of pressures and temperatures at which a liquid changes from one form to the other† (Terms of Confinement section, para. 17). The critical point of water, or any other substance for that matter, was compared to the summit of the Mount Everest that â€Å"rises in a gradual manner and distorts the terrain all around it (Gaidos as cited in Stanley, Just a Phase section, para.6-8). † The interplay of logos and pathos, from which the blueprint of the author’s ideas was contained, was explored further in the way the article was outlined. It was divided into five parts, and with the exemption of the introductory paragraphs, contained four subheadings. The general idea was developed first before setting out to a detailed discussion. The title was catchy, as well as the subheadings and used colloquial speech to acquaint the readers to concepts that may be unfamiliar to them. This functioned as an expedient for logical arrangement, but more importantly, it meant to capture and retain the reader’s attention. The subheadings seemed to serve as an advertising ploy, operating on the stratagem of bite-sized packaging, to give the reader an impression of venturing in an uncomplicated, easy reading. For what could be the purpose of a piece of writing that supersedes the aim to persuade, inform or entertain other than to keep the reader reading. Persuasion, information, and entertainment work best when and if the author manages to contain the reader, from the first to the last paragraph of his/her work. In the course of the exposition, however, the use of scientific jargon and a technical writing style was more or less retained. The introductory paragraphs provided an overview of the article and the author began by discussing the properties of water, explaining how its molecules behave and how growing evidence reveal peculiarities in its nature. The succeeding paragraphs under the different subheadings elaborated on these matters citing the statements made and the experiments performed by noted physicists and scientists. In the last subheading, the article drew emphasis on the practical benefits posed by the integrated findings and hinted at exposing another set of data in the future that would add up to already established yet still growing collection of evidences. The shift allowed the article to maintain a credible tone and avoid appearing watered-down or downgrading to oversimplification. It was an effective synthesis of technical and informal language in journalistic writing, which proved useful in the sense that balance was made possible to be achieved in the logos and pathos aspects of the writing. The author was able to anticipate the needs of its targeted audience by giving them accessible grasp to scientific information, whereas not falling short on educating on a considerably theoretical viewpoint. Taken as a whole, to those who are rational enough to acknowledge that these discoveries were just products of scientific inquiry, this article might be seen on a neutral ground. The article was, for the most part, informative and there was no significant amount of persuasion leaning to any kind of ideology involved. It would leave the reader to extract any implication it might set forth during and after the course of reading and therefore enabling the reader to think for his own. Whatever the case may be, the author of the article cannot have the power to dictate how the readers may think, however unbiased or unprejudiced she may be in presenting the article. It is inherent in the topic itself to stir up ideologies, whether they are complementary or conflicting. On one hand, the facts that were cited in the article concerning the importance of the so-called weirdness of water in the environment and the ecosystem, even though, it may not be the similar case for everyone, might implicitly induce a real life pondering of thoughts among those who believe in why and how the water was created as such by their own notion of the Creator. This may have the capacity to strengthen people’s beliefs into considering that everything is really in the proper alignment and that everything is working perfectly however peculiar some things behave in the lens of scientific investigation. When a belief or even just an extension of that belief was affirmed by, in this case, research or scientific evidence, the tendency of the reader who in this sense is also the believer is to embrace that new piece of information and even so, when this information was delivered using simple words in a logical manner. On the other side of the coin, the emphasis the author placed pertaining to conducting further experimentations and intensive laboratory researches in the latter part of the article might also be alarming to some who might see it as man’s way taking control over nature and playing the role of a god. References: Gaidos, Susan (2008). Supercool, and Strange. In Science News Online. Retrieved January 26, 2008, from http://www. sciencenews. org/articles/20080126/bob9. asp

Disabilities, communication, disorders and giftedness

Disabilities, communication, disorders and giftedness This paper is design to create an understanding of learning disabilities, communication disorders, dual diagnosis as well as giftedness. In addition to the establishment of producing a positive learning environment for children with impairments will maximize their achievement. To understand each type of disability mention above we should look at the characteristics, causes, and definitions of each form of disability and disorder to better enhance the learning environment for both the student and the teacher. As a special educator, it is an imperative aspect to stay abreast of all disorders we come in contact with to produce a quality education for all those involved. For many students with disabilities and for those without, the key success in the classroom lies in having adaptation, accommodations and modifications made to the curriculum and instruction and other classroom activities. Learning Disabilities There are many definitions of learning disabilities. However, the most use comes from Individuals with Disability in Education Act (IDEA). It defines learning disabilities as various cognitive or psychological disorders that impede the ability to learn, especially on that interferes with ability to learn math or develop languages skills (listening, reading, writing, and speaking) (IDEA 2004). Some characteristics of learning disabilities are children having a deficits in the area of reading and written language that cannot make connection with similar concepts in learning math (cannot connect 3 + 5 = 8 when asked 5 + 8 equals), difficulty in thinking in sequential or logical order, having behaviors in the area of not being organized and losses things. No one is exactly sure what causes learning disabilities. Experts are not sure to the causes. The differences in how a persons brain works and how it process information can be from brain damage, heredity, problem during pregnancy and the environment the person lives in. Currently there is a prevalence figure of 45.3% of school- aged children in the United States classified as having a specific learning disability and receive some kind of special education support (United States Office of Special Education, 2007a). Communication Disorders Communication Disorders is the speech and language disorders that relate area such as oral and motor function. It can be verbal, nonverbal or a combination of both. It revolves three components; sender, message and receiver. Language (the system of symbols used to express and receive meaning) is a factor in each element of the process; speech (the systematic production of sound) is a factor in verbal communication. . Communication disorders include speech disorders of articulation, fluency, and voice, and language disorders. It may range from simple sound repetitions, such as stuttering, to occasional misarticulation of word and complete inability to use speech and language communication. A child who is language impaired should show skills in the primary language that are below those expected for his/her chronological age. The prevalence of language deficits in the school-age population in the United States is approximately 2.5%. and 50% of children who receive special education services from other disabilities (Hall et al., 2001). An understanding of normal patterns of language acquisition is an important part of identifying children with language disorders and developing remediation programs for them. It also involves screening, evaluating, diagnosing and making appropriate placement decisions. Giftedness Gifted children may show outstanding abilities in a variety of area including intellectual, academic aptitude, creative thinking, leadership and the visual and performing arts. They also show the ability to find and solve problems quickly. The full development of the gifted student depends on his or her environmental context, strong encouragement, and support from the family and social groups (Sydney Marland 1972). Longitudinal studies of gifted children indicated that most of them are healthy and well adjusted and achieve well into adulthood, with some exceptions that are underachievers. Teaching cognitive strategies, problem finding, problem solving, and creativity are some characteristics that special programs focus on for gifted students. Effective problem finding and problem solving skills depend on the individuals flexible use of his or her knowledge, structure and creativity. In addition, it depends on the capacity for divergent thinking, a willingness to be different and strong motivation. Underachievers have feeling of inferiority, expectation of failure and low self confidence. The prevalence of giftedness is approximately 10% to 55% of the school-age population of children who are identified (Gagne, 2003; Renzulli Reis, 2003). To uncover the abilities of children who come from cultural subgroups, special identification methods and procedures that depend less on prior knowledge and experience and more on reasoning and creative thinking are necessary. Children with physical and sensory handicaps can be intellectually gifted, but often their abilities are undiscovered because educators do not search for their special talents. Dual Diagnosis Fredericks Baldwin (1987) suggested that the term dual diagnosis be used with great care, mental health disorders is one disability with secondary characteristics growing out of the lack of environmental input that is from the sensory disability. Unfortunately, some children with certain impairments struggle in class and have behavior problems. Often these conditions may be a result from having to struggle in class and the emotional health of the child may be cause by attention deficit disorder (ADD) or Attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). However, IDEA has a problem in the number of children that qualify as a disabled. Furthermore, Pinborough-Zimmerman, Satterfield, Miller, Bilder, Hossain and MaMohn (2007) findings confirm that 6.3% of school aged children were receiving speech therapy services and co-concurring conditions like intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder and emotional behavior disorders. In the public school system the numbers have a grave implica tion to provide essential service for these children. Curriculum There should be a differentiation curriculum to serve all learners, regardless of ability, disability, age, gender or cultural and linguistic background. Curriculum should be modified appropriately. First there should be modification of learning disabilities in the area of math, reading and language. In communication disorders the teacher should make sure she speak with students with impairment the same way he/she speak to the regular education students. The curriculums for gifted students are lesson, assignments, and schedule modification are lesson generated toward higher order of thinking, content modification, and encourage group interaction. Some theorists also suggest that curriculum need to be in terms of the learning environment. The key features of educating a child with any disability or disorder is to focus on tailoring the curriculum in the areas of strengths, weaknesses, needs, interest, ability and characteristic of the child. It is important to understand the differences in order to indentify, assess, evaluate and remediate the student. Conclusion Finally, the important of regular teachers and special educators are arm with the knowledge, training and information in regards to disabilities. Students with communication disorders, giftedness, and also any other learning disabilities can learn and be successful in academics. Professional can prepare curriculum and appreciate the vital features of services for special need students. By modifying lessons for student and giving accommodations to these students with other classroom activities.

Threatening Women of Homers Odyssey Essay example -- Homer, Odyssey E

The Threatening Women of Homer's Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle called this poem 'a story of character' which is very true, as the analysis of people in the Odyssey id detailed and they are carefully depicted. Though the women still remain a fairly mysterious force that test Odysseus' determination for 'nostos' (hero's return home), requiring the man whose words are "like snowflakes" to use every trick he has to evade their threat, his civility not allowing him to strike them. In the Underworld, Agamemnon made it very clear in his enlightened state (consider the wiser Achilles who now regrets his noble death - "rather work the soil as a serf...than be King of all these lifeless dead" 11.490), as one of the dead that women "are no longer to be trusted". It is no co-incidence then that the female figures that Odysseus meets after this point are the most ferocious and dangerous. Both Scylla and Charybdis are hideous monsters, depicted as female, and so too are the tempting Sirens, all which test the hero. It is evidence that even after all his endeavours, Odysseus is still an Iliadic hero at heart, as he dons his armour uselessly to face Scylla's 12-headed threat and look at the good it does him ("Obstinate fool" 12.115). The actions of Odysseus' men result in him swimming in the sea and hanging over the swirling Charybdis, holding onto a fig tree ("clung like a bat" 12.433). Without warning from Circe, Odysseus would not have gone past the Sirens without doo m, since we see what the effect was without the wax in his ears ("longing to listen...set me free" 12.193). However, it is the humanoid females which are to add the most to the poem. The monsters test and batter the hero whilst the women test the man. To threaten Odysseu... ...ly). When he wishes to leave also, no effort is made by Circe to try and stop him unlike her counterpart above, Calypso ("do not stay on unwillingly" 10.484). Odysseus has been kept for the pleasure of Circe and he could have left at any time. This tarnishes our view of the hero's withstanding of the females' subtle threat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whether successfully or unsuccessfully, the female figure of the Odyssey all attempt to stop Odysseus on his inexorable journey home to his own female. Portrayed in contrasting depictions to draw out emphasis and focused details, the women and monsters threaten the hero in slightly different ways each time, testing Odysseus' flexibility and forcing him to break the Iliadic mould. Work Cited: Homer (Translated by Robert Fagles. Preface by Bernard Knox). 1996. The Odyssey. New York: Viking Penguin, div. of Penguin Books, Ltd. Threatening Women of Homer's Odyssey Essay example -- Homer, Odyssey E The Threatening Women of Homer's Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle called this poem 'a story of character' which is very true, as the analysis of people in the Odyssey id detailed and they are carefully depicted. Though the women still remain a fairly mysterious force that test Odysseus' determination for 'nostos' (hero's return home), requiring the man whose words are "like snowflakes" to use every trick he has to evade their threat, his civility not allowing him to strike them. In the Underworld, Agamemnon made it very clear in his enlightened state (consider the wiser Achilles who now regrets his noble death - "rather work the soil as a serf...than be King of all these lifeless dead" 11.490), as one of the dead that women "are no longer to be trusted". It is no co-incidence then that the female figures that Odysseus meets after this point are the most ferocious and dangerous. Both Scylla and Charybdis are hideous monsters, depicted as female, and so too are the tempting Sirens, all which test the hero. It is evidence that even after all his endeavours, Odysseus is still an Iliadic hero at heart, as he dons his armour uselessly to face Scylla's 12-headed threat and look at the good it does him ("Obstinate fool" 12.115). The actions of Odysseus' men result in him swimming in the sea and hanging over the swirling Charybdis, holding onto a fig tree ("clung like a bat" 12.433). Without warning from Circe, Odysseus would not have gone past the Sirens without doo m, since we see what the effect was without the wax in his ears ("longing to listen...set me free" 12.193). However, it is the humanoid females which are to add the most to the poem. The monsters test and batter the hero whilst the women test the man. To threaten Odysseu... ...ly). When he wishes to leave also, no effort is made by Circe to try and stop him unlike her counterpart above, Calypso ("do not stay on unwillingly" 10.484). Odysseus has been kept for the pleasure of Circe and he could have left at any time. This tarnishes our view of the hero's withstanding of the females' subtle threat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whether successfully or unsuccessfully, the female figure of the Odyssey all attempt to stop Odysseus on his inexorable journey home to his own female. Portrayed in contrasting depictions to draw out emphasis and focused details, the women and monsters threaten the hero in slightly different ways each time, testing Odysseus' flexibility and forcing him to break the Iliadic mould. Work Cited: Homer (Translated by Robert Fagles. Preface by Bernard Knox). 1996. The Odyssey. New York: Viking Penguin, div. of Penguin Books, Ltd.

Wilkie Collins The Moonstone Essay -- Wilkie Collins Moonstone Essays

Wilkie Collins' The Moonstone Near the beginning of Wilkie Collins’s novel, The Moonstone, John Herncastle’s cousin explains, â€Å"The deity commanded that the Moonstone should be watched, from that time forth, by three priests in turn, night and day, to the end of the generations of men†¦ One age followed another—and still, generation after generation, the successors of the three Brahmins watched their priceless Moonstone, night and day† (2). As a result of remembering the past, and specifically their deity’s command, the Indian priests are bound by a circular, repetitive chain of events. In contrast, Rosanna Spearman and Franklin Blake, two non-Indian characters in the novel, are able to use their memory of the past to break the cycle of repetitive, unwanted events in their lives and effect desired changes. Each Indian priest’s self-concept never changes; he is simply an embodiment of his office or his societal role, and he lives solely to watch the Moonstone. The self-concepts of Rosanna and Franklin, however, do change over time. Through battling haunting effects of the past and fighting against negative self-concepts, Rosanna and Franklin additionally align themselves with a progressive notion of history as they battle against the cyclical notion that binds the Indian priests. The past has the power to corrupt or infect the lives of characters like Rosanna and Franklin, but when these characters confront and remember the past, they are freed from its ability to perpetuate a cyclical series of unlucky events. For example, Rosanna’s past as a thief causes Franklin to suspect her of having stolen the Moonstone as well. He says, â€Å"’Rosanna Spearman came to my aunt out of a reformatory? Rosanna Spearman had once b... ..., generation after generation, the successors of the three Brahmins watched their priceless Moonstone, night and day† (2). Even the end of the novel isn’t really an end to the repetition of events in India; Mr. Murthwaite writes, â€Å"So the years pass, and repeat each other; so the same events revolve in the cycles of time. What will be the next adventures of the Moonstone? Who can tell?† (466). In contrast, Rosanna Spearman and Franklin Blake, two non-Indian characters in the novel, are able to use their memory of the past to break the cycle of repetitive, unwanted events in their lives and effect desired changes. Through battling haunting effects of the past and fighting against negative self-concepts, Rosanna and Franklin additionally align themselves with a progressive notion of history as they battle against the cyclical notion that binds the Indian priests.

Evolution of Historiography in Greek Civilization Essay

Historiography is the study of how people transmit and obtain knowledge over time. It is a subject that can explain how people’s culture, social networks, economy and political ways have evolved over time. It simply shows people where they have come from to attain what is known as modernity. There are many people who have learnt the different histories of different cultures. In the paper, it is evident that there is a historiography on Greek civilization. This means that it will look at how ancient Greek used to be and how it is right now in this era of modernity. It is evident that Greek has contributed to so much especially in languages all over the world thus its history can easily be studied. Many of its writings have been used and are still being used to date but the fact is that it has changed in order to cope with the changing world (Ernst, chapter 1-6). The study of Greek historiography includes looking at the Ancient Greek whereby it is the time from Greek history to the Greek’s Dark Ages including the time when the Romans conquered it. Greek is usually considered as the provocation of Western Civilization foundation because of its powerful culture. The Greek’s powerful culture is moved from the Roman Empire to numerous parts of Europe. The main issue is that Greek civilization has had a major influence in many different languages especially in the European countries. Most of the words used by the different languages have come from the Greek words and symbols. More so, Greek is not only known for its influence in language only but also philosophy, education, art and political systems (Rodger, pp. 51). Many philosophical theories have Greek origin and the use the Greek names. America and Europe adopted these terms and used them in their studies. To date most scientific names have Greek origin. Mycenaean civilization came to an end in 1150BC and there is not so much history about it as many historians study ancient Greek from the Olympic Games in 776BC. Civilization in Greek is said to have begun after the death of Alexander the Great which was in 323 BC. Since the study of the Ancient Greek has mixed up history, it has been divided in to four parts; Greek Dark ages, archaic period, classical period and Hellenistic period. The Dark Ages period is said to have begun on 1100 to750 BC which saw the coming up of geometrical designs which were done on pottery work. The archaic period lasted between 750 to 480BC where artists were characterized by making sculptures that had unique and stiff poses. The classical period was exemplary for instance it had the Parthenon. Lastly, the Hellenistic period which begun on 323Bc and ended on 146 BC was characterized by the gaining of power and expansion of the Greek culture. This was when Alexander the great died and the roman conquest came to an end. The culture and society of the Hellenistic times did not undergo any changes until the time Christianity started to rule (Ernst, chapter 1-6). The rule of Alexander the great brought contributed to the expansion of Greek territories. This needed a political structure that kept on changing with the different phases of Greek civilization. Greece had very many independent cities and they were not divide din terms of tribes and kingdoms like other societies. The people knew that they were one and there was no need to dwell on tribal issues. This is because all of them shared the same language, religion and culture thus unified them. It should be noted that despite the recognition of them being one they were aware of the different tribes and origins where different people came from but this did not divide them at all. This is seen when different tribes in Greece unify to fight against the people who invaded Persia. In addition, the different city states were governed differently. People put up different functions for their kings especially during the Greek Dark Ages. This changed during the archaic period when different cities practiced oligarchies. The governing of a city now became hereditary whereby leadership was passed on to the son of the king. Due to the problems brought about by tyranny like protecting people of the same cultures thus bringing social unrest, Greece was the first to bring up the concept of democracy in the world (David, pp. 120-126). Citizens came for an assembly whereby they could choose who was to run the office and who was not to be in the office. The problem was that the poor people could not speak in the assemblies and even run for office. Later the democracy levels increased leading to the allowance of poor people to speak out their views and the ability for them to run the office. Athens was the first city to practice full democracy leading to other cities copying its strategy (Anne, pp. 38-40). In ancient Greece, there was nothing like special privileges. If one was not native-born in Greece they were not protected by the laws of any city state in Greece. The society was divided in to social classes by the amount of wealth one had. The only way one could move up the social ladder was if they made a lot of money. Slaves were also found in Greece but they did not have any power over any one in Greece. They were supposed to follow orders and they were not allowed to own any kind of property not only democratic rights. Young boys were allowed to start school at the age of seven years. They learnt different things like science, art, music and so on when they were older. At the age of eighteen years schooling had to come to an end and one would now become a useful member of the society by becoming part of the army through intense training (Leonora, pp. 128-130). Reference Anne P. , 2004. The Greek Civilization; Ancient Greece, published by DK publishers. Pp. 38-40. David S. , 2004. Transformation of the culture; Ancient Greek Civilization, published by Blackwell. Pp. 120-126. Ernst Breisach, 2007. Historiography Ancient, Medieval and Modern; published by the University of Chicago press. Chapters 1 to 6. Leonora N. , 2004. Social, political and culture of Greece; Temper of Greek Civilization, published by Brown University. Pp. 128-130. Rodger D. W. , 2008. The Greek dialect, the ancient European languages: Published by the Cambridge University press. Pp. 51.

Appendix A †Questionnaire Essay

Conclusion (300) The current study found that there are significant differences in terms of both nutrition knowledge and health behaviours between normal weight and obese individuals. In particular, they drink more glasses of water and engage more frequently in exercise sessions. It has also noted that the obese group also has more frequent intake of meals; crisps; sweets, chocolate or desert; sweetie beverages; low calorie drinks; instant noodles; and deep fried food. They also read labels more frequently and are aware of the recommended intake for various sources. While not all factors have yielded significant differences, the fact that there are differences in some of the factors compared suggest that being aware of proper nutrition and the risks of obesity may be beneficial for Hong Kong residents so that they make take the apt means for preventing these risks. *Please underline your answer where appropriate 1. Please specify your height, weight and gender Height: (m) Weight: (kg) Gender: 2. What is your age group? ? 18 to 23 ? 30 to 35 ? 24 to 29 ? 36 to 40 3. What is your occupation? ? Student ? Housewife/husband? Clerk or officer ? Technical worker ? Other please specify 4. What is your education level? ? Up to primary school ? Up to F. 3 (secondary) ? Up to A-level ? University or above ————————————————————————————————————– 5. Do you know what is BMI stand for? ? Yes, please state it: ? No 6. What kinds of food are rich in fibre? ? Vegetables ? Meat ? Fish ? No idea 7. What is the recommended daily intake for fruits and vegetables? ? 3 portion a day ? 7 a day ? 5 portion a day ? No idea 8. Do you know the recommended daily intake for the food group of â€Å"bread, cereal, rice & noodles†? e. g. 1 to 2 servings per day ? Yes ? No If yes, please state it: 9. Carbohydrates, protein and fats are the main sources of energy from the diet. Do you know the recommended daily % for each source? e. g. 30% carbohydrates, 40% protein, and 30% fat ? Yes ? No If yes, please state it: 10. How many glass of water do you drink everyday? ? Less than 2 or 2 ? 3-4 ? 5-6 ? 7 or above 11. Do you read the nutritional labeling of food that you take daily? ? Yes ? No If yes, do you read all of the food that you eat or only read for a certain food items? ? All ? Read some only 12. Do you consider your health before choosing what to eat? ? Always ? Sometimes ? Never 13. What time do you usually have your supper? ? 6 to 7 pm ? 7 to 8 pm ? 8 to 9 pm 14. What time do you normally go to sleep? ? Before 10 pm ? 10- 11 pm ? 11- 12 pm ? After 12 pm For how long? 15. How often do you do exercise? ? Rarely/ Never ? 1 to 2 times a week ? 3 to 4 times a week ? More than 5 times a week If yes, for how long each time? ? 4 times a day 3 to 4 times a day 2 to 3 times a day 3 -4 times a week 1 -2 times a week Rarely/ never E. g. Crisps x Sweets, chocolate or Dessert Sweetie Beverages Low calorie drinks (e. g. diet coke) Instant noodles/ cup noodles Any deep fried food (fried meatball, fried tofu etc) 19. How often did you eat out or order a takeaway/delivery last week? Please cross(x) 1 option below ? 3 times a day ? 2 times a day ? 1 times a day ? More than 5 times a week ? 2 to 5 times a week ? Rarely /Never Is it almost the same every week or just happened in last week? 20. Do you usually eat more food in the restaurant than at home? ? Yes ? No 21. Do you think food given in restaurants in less healthy than home- made food? ? Yes ? No Why? 22. What kind of restaurant/ cafe do you visit the most? Please list 3 of them. Starting from the 1st most, 2 and 3. For example: 1st: McDonalds 2nd Japanese restaurant 3rd Hot pot restaurant 1. 2. 3. 23. How often did you visit the following food service last month? Please cross(x) your option. Everyday Most days 2 to 3 time a week Once a week Rarely/ never e. g. Local cuisine x Local cuisine(e. g. Dim sum) Japanese food Fast food (KFC, McDonalds) Dessert shop Other Please specify _________________. 24. Are you happy with your weight? ? I am happy with my weight. ? I would like to lose weight ? I would like to put on weight. References Karelis, A. D. , St-Pierre, D. H. , Conus, F, Rabasa-Lhoret, R. , & Poehlman, E. T. , (2004). metabolic and body composition factors in subgroups of obesity: what do we know? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(6), 2569–2575. Lau, D. (2006). A pilot study on the attitudes and practice relating to the management of overweight and obese patients among primary health care professionals in four primary care clinics in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Practitioner, 28. Lin, B. H. , Guthrie, J. & Frazao, E. (1999). Nutrient contribution of food away from home. Frazao, E. (eds). America’s eating habits: Changes and consequences, 213-242 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service Washington, D. C. Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 750. Obesity and overweight. Retrieved on September 30, 2006 from http://www. who. int/dietphysicalactivity/media/en/gsfs_obesity. pdf Obesity Research. (undated). Retrieved on September 20, 2006 from http://www. obesityresearch. org/cgi/reprint/12/6/889. pdf Popkin B. N. , Lu B.    International Journal Obesity Related Metabolic Disorder, 28, 282 –289. Woo, J, Leung, S. S. F. , Ho, S. C, Lam, T. H, Janus, E. D (1998). Dietary Intake and Practices in Hong Kong Chinese Population† J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 52, 631-637. Woo, J. (2000). Diet, nutrition, and health in older China adults. Retrieved on September 30, 2006 from http://www. unsystem. org/SCN/archives/scnnews19/ch17. htm Woo, J. (2000). Nutrition and health issues in the general Hong Kong population. Retrieved on September 20, 2006 from http://www. hkmj. org. hk/hkmj/abstracts/v4n4/383. htm.

How People Grow Reflection Paper by Cloud and Townsend

REFLECTION PAPER OF HOW PEOPLE GROW BOOK BY CLOUD AND TOWNSENDVillatoro-Ramirez Counseling Department Denver Seminary Monte Hasz Psy. D. Elisabeth A. Nesbit, Ph. D. CO 631 01 Career Development and Assessment October 8, 2012 Reading How People Grow (Cloud and Townsend, 2001) has been an interesting experience because the author of this paper’s knowledge about counseling has been transformed in different ways. This reading has forced me to evaluate my own approach to counseling and my spiritual life has been impacted through the reflection about grace and law as well.I appreciate that this book has already been translated to Spanish language, which has given me the opportunity to read faster and better understanding of some ideas because Spanish is my first language. I have already included this book as a required reading to the course of Pastoral Care, which is taught at Denver Seminary’s Hispanic Initiatives because in my personal opinion this book is useful for all pe ople in Christian ministry who wants to know how people grow. Thus, through this paper I will explain my understanding on how people grow according to Cloud and Townsend.In addition, I will critique the book comparing it with two of the systems of integration presented in class by Drs. Nesbit and Hasz. To accomplishing it this paper has been divided in three areas. The first explains my personal understanding about what Cloud and Townsend (2001) say about how people grow. The second area compares this book with two systems of integration, which are Biblical counseling and the Integration approach. Finally, the rest of the paper focuses on reflection and application as a resource for clients.First, I think Cloud and Townsend (2001) use the concept of Christian counseling and discipleship or personal growth in the same way. For them there is not difference between spiritual life and real life (21). The heart of their book presents the idea of working on relational and emotional issues back into the mainstream of spiritual growth (21). It can be seen in the chapter the Paradise lost where Cloud started to describe that at the time that he began his ministry there were four models of how people grow (16).He was clear saying that he saw value in these four models practicing all of them in some degree even though he was inclined for the model of truth which held that the truth would the person free. If the person was not free or some area of life was not working it must be because lacked truth in the life of this person (16). However, and even though Cloud (2001) saw people improve, and prayer, learning Scripture, and repentance were very powerful elements in healing many clinical conditions he realized that something was missing in all these elements (18).He realized that all these spiritual methods did not resolve some problems (18). People were helped but not cured (18). Thus, Cloud (2001) became disillusioned and went for further training and has experience with sincere Christian people who had been very diligent about spiritual growth but without success (19). However, he continued to work in Christian counseling for a few years more when he started to see processes that actually changed people’s lives (19). These processes were not the traditional Christian way to grow that he had learned.These processes involved deep transformations of the soul and there was the spiritual life, where we learned about God and grew in our relationship to him, and then there was the emotional and relational life, where we learned how to solve real-life problems (19). In other words, both Cloud and Townsend (2001) believe that the issues why people come for counseling are not growth issues or counseling issues, but spiritual growth issues (21). In addition, Cloud and Townsend (2001) emphasis that spiritual growth should affect relationship problems, emotional problems, and all other problems of life (22).For them there is no difference between spirit ual life and real life because it is all one. They go through the major categories of Christian doctrine and talk about how each doctrine applies to personal growth (23). Second, about the comparison of this book with two systems of integration, I think in some point Cloud and Townsend (2010) are part of the biblical counseling approach which focus is on the sufficiency of the Scripture for counseling needs.A definite strength for Cloud and Townsend’s book is their use of the Bible and appeal to its authority as well. Contrary to Scott’s presentation of Biblical counseling, Cloud and Townsend (2010) are not directive and sermonic. They are more practical and enlighten the process of how people grow through the emotional and relational life, where they share practical ideas about how to solve real-life problems. In this sense, there is not way to use their method out of the church or Christian environments, which I think it is a weakness of their method.In other words, following this methodology a counselor would not seek the governmental endorsement of a professional license and cannot work in secular counseling settings as a rule. Because Cloud and Townsend (2001) at the beginning of their book expressed through some examples of Christian people facing mental problems in a hospital, I thought that they may lean toward the integration approach looking to secular models for treatment techniques. However, in the rest of their book they did not mention about a different way of treatment more than practical counseling application of the Bible.In addition to this point I can say that it seems to me that Cloud and Townsend (2001) use group therapy as a source of help people even though they say that working in group is an external spiritual source that God has given us to grow. I think to working in a Christian environment, this idea of groups to help people to grow is powerful. However, it seems to me that Cloud and Townsend (2001) did not want to be related to the four methods that were at that time they began to work on counseling.However, this book ends doing almost the same thing that biblical counseling in the sense that does not giving space for secular techniques as a source of help other than the Bible. Cloud and Townsend (2001) differentiate internal and external sources that God has given us to grow (126). For them internal sources are Bible, prayer, and Holy Spirit and external sources are all help that others can gives us as a way of help. In this sense, they talk widely about the work in groups, which I think it may be a secular technique however they did not recognize that.It seems to me that they are ambiguous not telling that they are combining some secular techniques in their work at Christian environments. Finally, because Cloud and Townsend (2001) were clear to say that their desire that their book be practical, and help the reader (I think Christian reader) to understand how the growth process is theological. I agree that in my life they accomplish that desire because there are some areas of application that I can mention that would like to implement in my ministry. First thing that I learned in the reading of â€Å"How people grow† Cloud and Townsend, 2001) was the concept of grace and law. I think in our Christian world we have misunderstood the concept of grace and that is why we live under the idea of a God who is ready to punish us. At least it is what I discovered on my own life through this reading. I like how Cloud and Townsend (2001) explained that grace is something that we cannot give ourselves because it comes from outside of us, as unmerited favor; and we can not do anything to obtain grace (127). It was powerful to me learning that grace is an external source of healing that we can give and receive through the body of Jesus, the church.I appreciate that Cloud and Townsend (2001) remind us that God created us to be in relationship with others so it is through others that people can grow as well. I love this concept because it is contrary with what our individualistic culture says. In addition, this concept is contrary with some teachings that say that people do not need other people at all because Christ alone is sufficient or that his Word or prayer is enough. These teachings actively and directly lead others to not depend on people at all because they think it is wrong.I like how Cloud and Townsend (2001) explained that the Bible teaches that all these things are part of the process, including other people (121). Through the book both of them Cloud and Townsend (2001) emphasized loudly the role of the body in the process of how people grow. In sum, how people grow (Cloud and Townsend, 2001) is a great tool for counselors who work in Christian environments because offers practical ideas about based on the Scripture. Differently to the Biblical counseling approach, Cloud and Townsend (2001) focus on the grace instead of the law.In addition, Clo ud and Townsend (2001) emphasize the role of the body of Jesus as a source of growth in the life of the believer. Cloud and Townsend (2001) is not recommended for counselors who work in a secular settings even though the principles that come directly from the Bible must be applicable in the personal life that any Christian counselor no matter where his or her job’s place be. References Cloud, H. , and Townsend, J. (2001). How people grow: What the Bible reveals about personal growth. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan